Mef, Nota del 28
settembre 2015
Numerose fonti di informazione riferiscono di
"pressioni" della Commissione europea sulle scelte fiscali del Governo
italiano, in vista della predisposizione della Legge di Stabilità. È così? In
realtà oggi la Commissione ha pubblicato un proprio rapporto dal titolo
"Tax reforms in EU Member States 2015 – Tax policy challenges for economic
growth and fiscal sustainability". Si tratta di un rapporto che descrive
le riforme in campo tributario realizzate dai 28 Stati membri dell'Unione
europea alla luce di una duplice sfida: sostenere la crescita economica e
rafforzare la stabilità dei bilanci pubblici.
Il rapporto tratta dell'Italia in numerosi passaggi. Poiché
i media si sono concentrati sulla questione delle imposte sulle proprietà
immobiliari, riproduciamo qui di seguito numerosi altri passaggi che
riferiscono di altro: per esempio le misure già intraprese per ridurre in modo
permanente le tasse sul lavoro nel 2014 e nel 2015, l'attuazione della riforma
fiscale, lo split payment per contrastare l'evasione, le agevolazioni ritenute
esemplari sull’incremento del capitale d’impresa o l'accesso online alla
dichiarazione dei redditi pre-compilata per 20 milioni di contribuenti.
Il rapporto, nelle
sue 123 pagine, contiene molte altre considerazioni comparative sui 28 Stati
dell'UE.
Il lettore e il contribuente che vogliono farsi un'opinione
puntuale della questione possono leggere direttamente il rapporto, disponibile
sul sito della Commissione.
Ecco alcuni estratti facilmente reperibili nel documento
usando "Italy" come chiave di ricerca.
Eight
Member States reduced labour taxes by means of measures targeted at particular
groups, including low-income earners and workers with children (Belgium,
Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Croatia, Italy, Malta and the UK).
In Italy, a
tax credit for low-income earners, originally due to be phased out from 2014,
was made permanent and labour costs became fully deductible from the regional
production tax (IRAP). Additionally, employers' SSC for new employees taken on
in 2015 on permanent contracts has been waived for three years.
Five
countries (Ireland, Spain, Italy, Slovakia and the UK) introduced some form of
modification to their R & D tax support system Six Member States (Ireland,
France, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta and the UK) focused their attention on helping
younger or smaller companies.
Stimulating
socially responsible investment was also on the agenda of tax policy makers in
a number of countries (Denmark, Spain, Italy, Malta and the UK). For example,
tax reliefs for charitable giving were enhanced in Spain,Malta and Italy.
Italy and Belgium modified their rules on the
allowance for corporate equity (ACE). Italy increased the benefits associated
with the allowance and the possibility to convert the allowance into tax
credits that can be used to offset local taxes, should there be no tax
liability against which to deduct the ACE.
In order to simplify tax compliance, in
particular for small businesses and self-employed people, tax authorities have,
for a number of years now, been developing simplified regimes for these
categories of taxpayer. Recent examples of measures adopted by Member States
include the following: France introduced simplified tax returns; Italy set up a
new simplified tax regime for self-employed people and introduced pre-filled
tax returns, accessible online to 20 million taxpayers.
The Foreign
Account Tax Compliance Act came into effect in Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Slovenia and Sweden.
In order to tackle VAT evasion, Italy approved
a split payment system for public administration suppliers and the extension of
the reverse charge mechanism to sectors characterized by a high risk of VAT
evasion. As part of a broader review of its tax system, Italy issued draft
legislation that redefines the concepts of abuse of law and tax avoidance, with
the aim of increasing legal certainty for taxpayers. Belgium, the Czech
Republic, France, Italy, Latvia, Hungary, Austria, Portugal and Romania and, to
a lesser extent, Germany, Estonia, Croatia Lithuania, the Netherlands, Finland
and Sweden, appear to have both a potential need to reduce a relatively high tax
burden on labour (either overall or for specific groups) and potential scope to
increase the least distortive taxes. These Member States could, therefore,
consider shifting the tax burden away from labour. It should be noted that, as
explained in Section 2.1, some of these countries also need to address risks to
their fiscal sustainability. A number of countries also appear to have scope
for a partially unfinanced reduction in labour tax but, as already noted, these
results should be interpreted with great caution. More in general, given that
many EU countries still need to make further efforts to comply with the
obligations of the Stability and Growth Pact and to make their budgets
sustainable in the medium or long term, careful attention needs to be given to
the design of any reduction in labour tax, and also to the timing and
sequencing of its implementation.
As shown in
Table 3.1, Greece, Spain, Italy, Poland and the UK have a VAT revenue ratio
significantly below the EU average. The ratio of the average household VAT rate
to the standard rate is also very low in these countries, suggesting that the
low VAT revenue ratio is due to policy issues, and not, or not only, to poor
compliance. Greece, Italy and Spain, do, however, also appear to have a high VAT
compliance gap. Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Spain, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Romania and Slovakia can be seen to have a
VAT gap significantly higher than the EU average.
Based on the general screening (as shown in
Table 3.1), Greece, Spain, Italy, Poland and the UK are found to have
particular room for manoeuvre to improve the efficiency of their VAT systems by
limiting the use of reduced rates and non-compulsory exemptions. Greece, Italy,
Poland and the UK also apply reduced rates and grant exemptions to specific
services in the telecommunications sector and could consider limiting these
reduced rates and exemptions.
A number of
Member States make use of this possibility and charge reduced VAT rates on some
or all of these energy products, namely Belgium, Ireland, Greece, France ,
Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal and the UK. […] in
the specific case of France, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg and the UK,
reduced rates provide greater support to the lower than the higherincome
households as a proportion of expenditure. As discussed in last year’s report,
at least 10 Member States (Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Greece, France, Italy,
Cyprus, Luxembourg, Austria and the UK) apply somewhat out-of-date property
values. A number of Member States (including several of those mentioned above)
are currently reassessing real estate values, and several others are planning
to do so.
Across the
EU as a whole, transaction taxes generate revenue worth 0.8 % of GDP. As seen
for recurrent taxes, the aggregate value hides significant variability at the
level of the individual Member States. Belgium, Spain, France, Italy,
Luxembourg and Malta recorded revenue close to or above 1 % of GDP in 2012.
This includes revenue from other capital and financial transactions, however.
The
countries where the user cost of housing investment is lowest are the
Netherlands, Croatia, Estonia and Ireland. Finland, Austria and Denmark also
have a relatively low user cost of housing investment. The highest user costs,
meanwhile, are found in Italy, Latvia, Poland, Spain, Belgium, France and
Greece. Of the different types of taxation, recurrent property taxes add the
most to the user cost of housing investment, while tax relief on mortgage
interest reduces the user cost, in some cases — in the Netherlands, Sweden and
Denmark, for example — significantly so.
